VEGFA and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In the rat model of type 2 diabetes, pioglitazone significantly reduces macrophage infiltration in renal tissue along with inflammatory and fibrotic factors such as NF-κB, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) TGF-B, PAI, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [29].