The existence of measurable, naturally occurring responses against TAA in peripheral blood of patients with HCC has prompted the investigation of anti-tumour vaccine studies against immunodominant peptides of onco-foetal proteins such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), glypican-3 (GPC3), telomerase reverse transcriptase and many others such as MAGE-A1, NY-ESO-1 [140]. This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.