The clinical relevance of these signalling changes was demonstrated by the elevated transcription of genes encoding the regulatory subunit of PKA (PRKAR1A), Rap1A, Kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR), MAP2K3 (MKK3), small GTPase Rac1, CTNBB1 (beta-catenin) and LEF1 in the epithelial compartment of human breast cancers with low levels of stromal FAK (Fig. 6 h). Here, RAP1A is linked to breast carcinoma.