A prospective study of 2484 female patients by Luo et al. showed that women with lung cancer and diabetes had a significantly increased risk of overall mortality (HR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.07–1.50) and those receiving insulin or metformin also had an increased risk of overall mortality (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.06–2.23 and HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.09–2.00 respectively) [18]. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.