HMGB1 and ischemia: However, Ito et al. [21] observed that HMGB1 enhanced the repair of mtDNA by directly binding to mtDNA in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 pathology, which indicated that HMGB1 might be relevant to the architectural control of mtDNA and probably promote neuronal regeneration and favor tissue repair through the process of mitochondrial fission/fusion in the later phase of ischemia.