MIF and neoplasm: Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that MIF is overexpressed and may correlate with tumor aggressiveness in many different types of human cancers such as prostate , bladder, and kidney cancer [30], cervical cancer [20], ovarian cancer [44,45], breast cancer [29], gastric cancer [29], hepatocellular carcinoma [46], colon cancer [47,48], pancreatic cancer [49,50], gallbladder cancer [51], lung cancer [29,52], melanoma [31], head and neck cancer [29], acute myeloid leukemia [53,54], glioblastoma [15,55,56], and NB [57,58,59,60].