BST2 and breast carcinoma: We have also shown that the silencing of BST-2 in murine and human breast cancer cell lines results in a shift from a highly aggressive to a non-aggressive phenotype, including loss of cell to cell and cell to ECM adhesion [24,29], decrease in anchorage-independent growth/survival, formation of invadopodia for ECM remodeling, migration, and invasion [31].