Direct effect of untranslated repetitive RNA on oncogene expression–Following the gain-of-function-RNA hypothesis, Mueller and colleagues suggested in 2009 that the untranslated repetitive RNA directly enhances expression of β-catenin resulting in pilomatricomas as well as in various cancers which rely on activation of the WNT/APC/β-catenin pathway [15]. This evidence concerns the gene APC and pilomatrixoma.