Subsequently, Pinto et al. evaluated this by comparing plasma levels of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6 and interleukin-10 (and E-selectin, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vWF) in chronic AF patients with and without new-onset ischemic stroke over a period of 3 years (74). Here, VWF is linked to ischemic stroke.