In one example of a PBV targeting a tumor associated antigen (TAA), McKee et al. observed increased activation of gp33-specific cells and prophylactic protection against tumor challenge in a mouse model when they conjugated α-galactosylceramide (a CD1d agonist) to a chimeric VLP consisting of gp33 MHC class I epitope and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus protein (58). This evidence concerns the gene CD1D and neoplasm.