INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Although it has been shown that DJB surgery improved glucose metabolism and insulin secretion by suppressing the glucose uptake by the downregulation of glucose transporters, activating the insulin signaling pathway, and inhibiting the inflammatory signals which induced beta cell apoptosis (Jurowich et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2018; Li et al., 2020), but, a recent study indicated that the new biliopancreatic diversion (NBPD) was a main contributing factor to the glucose-lowering effects of DJB compared with simple duodenal-jejunal exclusion and SHAM surgery in T2DM (Weng et al., 2017).