TNF and colitis: And several studies revealed that ATO markedly reduced IL-18, NO, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels in MRL/lpr mice developing human lupus-like syndrome and inhibited NF-κB expression and DNA binding in colon extracts, leading to decreased cytokine gene expression (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-18) in a murine colitis model (Bobe et al., 2006; Singer et al., 2011).