G6PD and hemoglobinopathy: Candidate predictors (P < 0.05 in bivariate analyses) in the initial model included both nonmodifiable (ecological zone, ethnicity, G6PD and haemoglobinopathies) and potentially modifiable factors (open defecation, earth floor, having consumed tea the day preceding the survey, micronutrient status [ferritin; sTfR; RBP], BMI category, cough, and hormonal contraceptive use).