CD4 and HIV infectious disease: We recently showed that HIV infection is associated with alterations, including hypo-sialylation, in the plasma circulating glycome; these changes were associated with markers of inflammation and levels of PBMCs-derived CD4+ T cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA.71 This HIV-associated hypo-sialylation is not completely reversed by ART.71 In the general population, hypo-sialylation on circulating glycoproteins drives inflammation and is associated with premature aging.72–76 The exact mechanism of this action is not clear.