HPGDS and Insulin resistance: Since DsbA-L was originally identified as a kappa class of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and is a renamed protein, it also has glutathione conjugation activity and is involved in the cellular detoxification of xenobiotics, endogenous toxic metabolites and free radicals32 Bai et al. recently showed that DsbA-L plays an important role in maintaining the mitochondrial integrity and protecting against inflammation and insulin resistance by activating the cGMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase-cGAMP-stimulator of interferon genes pathway33.