ATG3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Pre-treatment with autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reduced the TNFAIP8-mediated expression of LC3β I/II and ATG3 proteins (Fig. 3g), LC3β I/II-related puncta formation (arrows) in HepG2 (Fig. 3h, i) or in SK-Hep1 (Supplementary Fig. 2c) or HepG2-TNFAIP8-stable expression cells (Supplementary Fig. 2d), suggesting that TNFAIP8 induces autophagy in HCC cells.