Further, when we exposed HCC cells to cis- and trans-OA, intracellular lipid droplet formation (steatosis) was observed, indicating that both cis- and trans-OA induce cell steatosis to approximately the same extent in HCC cells (Supplementary Fig. 4b) and exposure of cis- and trans-OA stabilized endogenous TNFAIP8 and increased expression of autophagy biomarker LC3β I/II (Supplementary Fig. 4c). Here, TNFAIP8 is linked to steatosis.