TNF and epilepsy: Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased in pediatric epilepsy patients with acute afebrile seizure attacks within 48 h compared to controls (Tables 4, 4.2 vs 0.9 pg/ml for IL-6, p < 0.05; 14.3 vs 10.2 pg/ml for TNF-α, p < 0.05).