Recent studies have suggested that recombinant (r) VvhA stimulates the mitochondrial apoptotic machinery through the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) located on membrane lipid rafts, thereby governing the PKC, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways during the infection of host cells [7]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to infection.