VEGFA and melanoma: Hence, the hypothesis of this research was that the structure of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D), and its endocrine, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties would lend to its beneficial regulation of cellular oxidative stress effects (oxidative DNA/RNA damage, SOD expression, membrane damage, and p53 promoter activity), and the expression (at the protein, mRNA and/or promoter levels) of inflammatory mediators (IL-1, and TNF-α), angiogenic mediators (TGF-β), and VEGF), and the ECM remodeling proteins (MMP-1 and MMP-2) by vitamin D in melanoma cells.