IFNA1 and infection: Because coordinated actin cytoskeleton remodeling is required for cell-cell fusion in multiple cell types and human GBP1 has been shown to regulate actin polymerization during infection by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Shigella flexneri [12–18], we hypothesized that cell-cell fusion during B. thailandensis infection, a process requiring bacteria-mediated actin polymerization, could be restricted by the IFN signaling pathway through expression of GBPs [12,13,18].