TNF and dengue disease: Kinetic studies have shown that the innate responses that accompany early dengue expansion (< 3 days), like production of the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, from infected myeloid cells, do not mediate the later severe effects of secondary dengue infection (i.e. plasma leakage) [6, 86] but may polarize responses relevant to resistance to a new infection.