The leading edge for dengue is composed mainly (>75%) of adaptive cell types, with subsets of CD4+ T cells (activated, effector, effector memory), memory subsets of CD8+ T cells, and Tregs expressing elevated levels of CD152, CD69 and producing pro-inflammatory mediators IFNγ, MIP-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and perforin. Here, TNF is linked to dengue disease.