Thus it might be that this SNP, or a neighboring SNP in linkage disequilibrium, mediates its effect on AS risk through other genes in the locus such as CDC37 or PDE4A. Indeed, CDC37 broadly regulates non-JAK kinases (72), and PDE4 isoforms modulate immune signaling and are actively being targeted for autoimmune disease (73). The gene discussed is PDE4A; the disease is autoimmune disease.