MAPK3 and pancreatic neoplasm: In particular, the data from this group showed that (P) RR overexpression increased the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and elevated the level of NF-κB; however, (P) RR silencing downregulated the expression of ERK1/2, AKT and NF-κB [32] in pancreatic cancer cells.