Interestingly, transforming growth factor (TGF) β, which is crucial for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of metastatic cancer cells and is positively associated with RAS activity, is commonly upregulated in tumor tissues [29], which suggesting that (P) RR might promote cancer metastasis through RAS-mediated TGFβ activation. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.