Capsaicin interferes with NF-kB and AP-1 signaling, resulting in negative regulation of cell survival, adhesion, inflammation, differentiation and growth, and although it showed induction of autophagy in melanoma [142], it inhibits autophagy in CCA by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, increasing sensitivity of CCA cells to 5-FU [139]. The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.