TNF and cancer: Chronic anorexia in wasting syndromes implies that the adaptative feeding response fails.209 Tumour‐released substances such as proinflammatory cytokines, lactate, or PTHRP contribute decisively to anorexia.195 Many cytokines (IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8 and TNF‐α) have a known effect on appetite by modulating central nervous system neurotransmitter cascades.195, 199, 204, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215 It was also hypothesized that cancer anorexia may be the end result of alterations in the neurohormonal signals (central and peripheral) that govern appetite.216