TGFB1 and cancer: Based on the role of TGF-β in patients with malignant GB, evidence of antitumor effects of TGF-β inhibitors such as galunisertib (including in a monotherapy study in glioblastoma), and a favorable short- and long-term toxicity profile [14, 15], a multicenter Phase 1b/2a clinical trial was initiated to investigate the clinical benefit of combining galunisertib with standard TMZ-based radiochemotherapy (TMZ/RTX) in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma.