TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Next, we investigated the correlation between serum r-S100A8/A9 and other inflammatory biomarkers, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, to clear another potentiality of r-S100A8/A9 as a useful biomarker for IBD, and found that the fluctuation pattern of TNF-α in the TMR was similar to that in the UCR (Figure 3C); however, those of IL-6 and IL-1β were apparently different in the two groups (Figure 3D and E).