High levels of inhibitory molecules, including programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) or PD-L2, are expressed on tumor cells, antigen-presenting cells, immunosuppressive cells, and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, thus preventing the activation of NK cells through binding with their respective inhibitory receptors on NK cells, which results in exhaustion and dysfunction of NK cells (48, 49). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.