The EVs can be taken up by neighboring HCC cells, which in conjunction with acetaldehyde, activate multiple oncogenic pathways (including C-Jun N-terminal kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, BCL-2, and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif), and promote HCC carcinogenesis after chronic exposure to both carbon tetrachloride and alcohol 39. This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and hepatocellular carcinoma.