Palmitate (a main FFA upregulated in serum of NASH patient) treatment significantly upregulated PAR2 [Fig. 3a] and TLR2 levels [Fig. 3b], but not toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) level [Supplementary Fig. 3a] in LX-2 cells, human hepatic stellate cell line. The gene discussed is F2RL1; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.