Consistent with in vivo data (Fig. 4h–j), the highly metastatic CRC cell-EVs-educated fibroblasts and stellate cells upregulated pro-inflammatory genes, myofibroblastic markers, and chemokines, including IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, α-SMA, TGF-β, and CXCL12 (Supplementary Fig. 9a–d). Here, IL6 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.