PARP1 and cardiac hypertrophy: In addition, PARP-1 can increase chromatin remodeling or directly promote the transcriptional activities of transcription factors (such as AP-1 and NF-κB) to upregulate the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and various cytokines and chemokines, which could contribute to the inflammatory mechanisms that promote cardiac hypertrophy [2, 12, 17].