Thus, by direct ribosylation to modify its substrates, such as NF-κB, and to inhibit the function of NAD+ dependent enzymes, PARP-1 is involved in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications of diabetes [40–42]. The gene discussed is PARP1; the disease is heart failure.