TNF and Cognitive impairment: On the one hand, the activation of microglia may induce the production of inflammatory proteins such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) via the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, resulting in neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits [11, 12].