GDNF and brain disorder: In our earlier studies regarding the neuroprotective ability of AUR, we revealed that (1) AUR has the ability to suppress inflammatory responses in vivo, namely, hyperactivation of microglia/astrocytes, and over-expression of inflammatory factors by astrocytes, in some mouse models of brain disorders; thus, resulting in the suppression of neuronal death in the hippocampus [3,4,5,6]; and (2) AUR has the ability to induce GDNF expression in C6 cells [9] in vitro.