MYC and neoplasm: Warburg effect is in large part induced by the transcription factors hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and c-Myc but also, in lesser extent, by other signaling pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, and the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressors [26].