IFNG and neoplasm: In fact, a recent paper reported a novel mechanism by which PD-L1 non-blocking anti-PD-1 mAbs can show favorable anti-tumor activity.[24] In another recent publication, researchers describe a set of potent macrocyclic peptide and small-molecule PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, one of which induced cytokine production (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and T cell proliferation at levels comparable to pembrolizumab.[25] We suspect the unique binding properties observed for many of the antibodies studied here will translate to similarly unique biological activity at the cellular and potential therapeutic level.