TNF and Obesity: Interestingly, when treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNFα, adipocytes grown on 3D scaffolds secreted obesity-associated markers such as: IL1-α, osteoprotegerin (OPG), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP2), as well as T2DM related proteins such as IL-6, IL-8, and regulated-on-activation-normal-T-Cell-expressed-and-secreted (RANTES) [133].