In another example, the Hubbell group developed strategies for the delivery and release of both immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies (αCTLA4 + αPD-L1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) using collagen-binding domains (CBDs) derived from the von Willebrand factor (vWF) A3 domain to immobilize drugs on collagen in the tumor stroma for cancer immunotherapy (Ishihara et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene VWF and cancer.