As is the case for many solid tumors, the tumor microenvironment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is characterized by the presence of pro-inflammatory cells (such as macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) and cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins) both in the supporting stroma and in tumor areas. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.