TNF and neoplasm: Effective BCG therapy has been shown to prevent or delay tumor recurrence and progression and this has been attributed to its ability to induce a massive influx of inflammatory cells (Th1-polarized lymphocytes and neutrophils), the generation of classically activated resident tissue macrophages (M1), the production of Th1 cytokines (IFNγ, IL-12, and TNF-α) and the generation of anti-tumor targeted Th1-mediated cytotoxic responses (5–7).