TNF and cancer: Indeed, by releasing several tumor-derived soluble factors (TDSFs), such as growth factors [i.e., granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)], pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α) (10–12), as well as by tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) shedding (13), cancer cells can orchestrate and maintain this abnormal hematopoietic response.