SMAD2 and cholangiocarcinoma: TRIM59 promotes neuroblastoma through the Wnt/beta-catenin (24) and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways (18), accelerates bladder cancer via the TGF-beta/Smad2/3 signaling pathway (25), and facilitates breast cancer (26), cholangiocarcinoma (17, 19), and ovarian cancer (27) through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.