TNF and infection: The infection was associated with elevated levels of chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 with corresponding cellular infiltration and CNS inflammation characterized by increase in interferon-inducible genes such as CXCL10, CXCL11, and STAT1, and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL6, IFNγ, and IL-1b, as well as by markers of macrophage/microglial activation such as IL-12b, MHC Class-II, and complement.