TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Specifically, the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α has been reported to induce insulin resistance (Feinstein et al., 1993; Hotamisligil et al., 1993), and previous studies have established the role of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in the development and progression of T2DM (Finucane et al., 2012; Mauer et al., 2015).