SPARC and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: For example, IL-6 and FGF21 were found to be elevated in patients with obesity and correlated with whole-body adiposity (Vozarova et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2008); circulating IL-8 and secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine (SPARC) correlated positively with BMI (Kim et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2011); while plasma IL-15 not only correlated negatively with trunk fat mass and body-fat percentage (Nielsen et al., 2008) but have also been shown to be elevated in the setting of obesity (Perez-Lopez et al., 2018).