Numerous human cancers, including liver cancer, are known to feature aberrant extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) expressions 41, and ERK is known alongside numerous protein kinases, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), andp38 MAP kinase (p38), to make up the core of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway cascades. Here, MAPK8 is linked to liver cancer.