Studies have shown that chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and chemokine receptors such as CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) have been reported to be involved in CNV and AMD pathogenesis 47, 48. Here, CCL2 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.