CD38 and tuberculosis: Studies have also shown that activated effector Mtb-specific CD4+ T-cells characterized by the phenotype CD38+HLA-DR+ effectively distinguish latent TB infection (LTBI) from active TB cases [11,12,13] Furthermore, the frequency of Mtb-specific CD4+ T-cells expressing CD38 and HLA-DR declined rapidly within the first month of anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) [11,14].