While the TNFα MFI on ESAT-6/CFP-10 stimulated CD4+ T-cells did not differ by HIV or TB status (p = 0.15, results not shown), we observed a decline at two months of TB treatment in HIV−TB (p = 0.02) but not HIV+TB (p = 0.27) (Supplementary Figure S3). Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.