Comparing the groups based on RA, the T2DM group with RA had decreased IL-4 levels compared to the control group (p = 0.0090; H = 9.413, Dunn’s post hoc test) and increased TNFR1 levels when compared to the T2DM group without RA and control group (p<0.0001; H = 20.58, Dunn’s post hoc test). Here, IL4 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.