INS and acute kidney injury: It was found that treatment of diabetic mice with a pyruvate-competitive inhibitor of LDH ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity by inhibition of lactate production, and it reduces lipotoxicity and inflammation (60). Interestingly, a recent study demonstrated that plasma and urinary LDH analyses correlate with the severity of acute kidney injury (61).  Therefore, low level of LDH activity in the present study suggests that Moroccan propolis is protective against cellular damage in diabetes, involves in its antidiabetic activity, and is considered as a marker of recovery.