APP and Alzheimer disease: Despite of above anticipation, including progressed AD pathogenesis of APP23 transgenic mice expressing human APP in Alcα-deficient background13 (APP23 was utilized for detecting amyloid plaque formation, since mouse Aβ does not make aggregation that is prerequisite for the plaque formation), we did not find apparent anatomical or pathological alteration between wild-type and Alcα-deficient mice brains in these age (data not shown).